Bacterial vs. Viral Infections: Know the Difference and How to Treat

Bacterial and viral infections are caused by different types of microorganisms, and they require different treatments. Here's a breakdown of how they differ and the medications used to treat them.

Understanding Bacterial Infections

Bacterial Infections are caused by single-celled organisms that can multiply and cause damage to tissues and organs. Examples are strep throat, urinary tract infections (UTIs) tuberculosis, pneumonia and skin infections.

Symptoms of bacterial infections include:

• Fever
• Redness, swelling, or pus at the infection site
• Pain or tenderness in the affected area
• More severe symptoms like difficulty breathing, coughing up mucus, or fatigue

Antibiotics are the primary treatment for bacterial infections. They kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

“It is important to note that antibiotics should be prescribed by a healthcare provider, and it's crucial to complete the full course to prevent antibiotic resistance,” said Dr. H. Kendall Barton, Bayhealth Medical Group Department of Family Medicine. “They do not work for viral infections.”

Viral Infections

Viruses are smaller than bacteria and require a host (such as human cells) to replicate. They include the common cold, flu, COVID-19, (Rhinovirus), chicken pox and hepatitis.
Symptoms include:

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Body aches
• Runny nose, sore throat, cough
• In some cases, more severe symptoms like difficulty breathing, rash, or diarrhea

Antiviral medications can help reduce the severity or duration of certain viral infections, but they are specific to the virus. For many viral infections, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and include:

• Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• Cough suppressants or decongestants for respiratory symptoms
• Rest and hydration

“Antibiotics work only for bacterial infections, not for viral infections,” added Barton. “Using antibiotics for viral infections, like the common cold, is ineffective and can contribute to antibiotic resistance.”

When to Seek Medical Attention

Barton suggests that if you suspect you have a bacterial infection, or if your symptoms are worsening, consult a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and antibiotic prescription if needed.

For viral infections, seek care if symptoms become severe or if you have underlying conditions that may complicate your recovery.

Prevention

Hand hygiene, vaccinations and safe food handling can help prevent bacterial infections. With viral infections, vaccinations, frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with sick individuals can help reduce viral infections.