Wildfire Smoke: A Significant Threat to Lung Health

Wildfires are taking place throughout the East Coast this season. The smoke from wildfires contains a complex mix of harmful pollutants, including particulate matter and hydrocarbons. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are tiny enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing both immediate and long-term respiratory issues.

Exposure to wildfire smoke can lead to:

• Irritation of eyes, nose, and throat: Initial symptoms include burning eyes, runny nose, and sore throat.
• Exacerbation of asthma and COPD: People with pre-existing respiratory conditions are especially vulnerable and may experience flare-ups, worsened symptoms, and increased need for medications.
• Increased risk of respiratory infections: Inhaled particles can weaken the immune response in the lungs, making them more susceptible to infections, including pneumonia and bronchitis.

Prolonged exposure to wildfire smoke can have enduring impacts, such as:

• Decreased lung function: Exposure to wildfire smoke over time can lead to long-term reductions in lung function, especially in children whose lungs are still developing.
• Chronic respiratory diseases: There is an increased risk of chronic respiratory conditions, including asthma and chronic bronchitis, especially in those who live in regions affected by recurrent wildfires.
• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease: Fine particles in smoke can enter the bloodstream, leading to systemic inflammation that raises the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular issues.

“People with pre-existing lung conditions, children, the elderly, and pregnant individuals are more susceptible to the effects of wildfire smoke,” explained Syed Nazeer Mahmood, MD, Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Bayhealth. “Children are particularly vulnerable because their lungs are still developing, and they breathe more air per unit of body weight than adults.”

Mahmood suggests that those individuals in wildfire-prone areas, do the following to protect their lungs:

• Monitor air quality using local air quality indices (AQI) to avoid outdoor exposure during severe smoke events.
• Use air purifiers indoors to filter out fine particles.
• Wear N95 masks when outdoors to reduce inhalation of PM2.5 especially when air quality is poor.
• Stay indoors with windows and doors closed on high-smoke days.

Increased awareness of these health risks is essential, especially during wildfire season.